How to Write an Essay for College

How to Write an Essay for College How to Write an Essay for College Learning how to write an essay for college can bedifficult and a time consuming task. Of course there are some useful tips and sources that can help you write a perfect essay for college. You just have to focus and follow the basic key steps in writing an essay for college. How to write an essay for college? First, understand what exactly is expected from you; afterwards, make a careful and extensive research on the topic. Pick all the pros and cons on the material and choose the topic of your essay wisely. The most important thing when picking a topic for writing an essay for college is that you have to be able to defend it and make an argument. That is why research is so important. By researching the material you will actually separate and find out all the relevant arguments that will prepare you to argue and defend your thesis. Analyzing a topic gives a good base to debate on it because while you have analyzed the topic you actually have found out its strong and weak sides. This will help you develop your essay for college in a logical and well organized manner. Do not only analyze the material, but also brainstorm it, ask yourself different questions from different points of view. Give yourself some time while researching; check different sources, critics’ opinions, literature reviews, etc. Once again, we will stress on the importance of picking the right thesis; a well-chosen thesis is, after all, a half written essay. Make a small plan in which you will outline different arguments, ideas, quotations, paragraphs, etc. In other words, the plan will be a map of your college essay. Structure and body of a college essay The structure of a college essay is like any other essay. You start with an introduction. The introduction has to be strong. The most important thing, in fact, the purpose of the introduction is to acquaint the reader on the topic you are going to write about and state your thesis clearly. The length of the introduction depends on the length and word count of the whole essay. Do not undermine technical details given to you by your instructor when writing an essay for college. After that, continue with the body of the essay; i.e. with the exposition of your thesis. Write different paragraphs on different arguments defending your subject. In the body of the essay present arguments, state quotations and statistics that prove your subject. In the introduction part, grab your audience’s attention and state your thesis. In the body of the essay advocate your thesis with all the information, facts and arguments you have gathered during your research, analysis and brainstorming. Write in active, logical and well-organized manner. Pick criteria when listing your arguments, start with the strongest one and gradually list out the one of lesser importance and conviction strength. The essential thing in writing the body of your essay is to sound logical and convincing because that is the purpose of that part of the essay, to state facts and arguments which prove your thesis and to convince the audience in it. Finish your essay with a conclusion. The conclusion has to be strong and should be able to create a sense of closure to the audience. The purpose of the conclusion is to restate your thesis and create a closure on it. If you are not bound by the word limit, you can restate your strongest arguments, which advocate your thesis. At the end, take some time and then proofread your essay, make sure it sounds convincing and written in a logical and well-organized manner with clearly stated and well debated thesis. Check for grammar and punctuation mistakes thoroughly. Make sure your essay is easy to read and has a clear and convincing tone.

Calculating Limiting Reactant of a Chemical Reaction

Calculating Limiting Reactant of a Chemical Reaction Chemical reactions rarely occur when exactly the right amount of reactants will react together to form products. One reactant will be used up before another runs out. This reactant is known as the limiting reactant. Strategy This is a strategy to follow when determining which reactant is the limiting reactant.Consider the reaction:2 H2(g) O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)If 20 grams of H2 gas is reacted with 96 grams of O2 gas, Which reactant is the limiting reactant?How much of the excess reactant remains?How much H2O is produced? To determine which reactant is the limiting reactant, first determine how much product would be formed by each reactant if all the reactant was consumed. The reactant that forms the least amount of product will be the limiting reactant. Calculate the yield of each reactant. To review, follow the strategy outlined in How to Calculate Theoretical Yield. The mole ratios between each reactant and the product are needed to complete the calculation:The mole ratio between H2 and H2O is 1 mol H2/1 mol H2OThe mole ratio between O2 and H2O is 1 mol O2/2 mol H2OThe molar masses of each reactant and product are also needed.molar mass of H2 2 gramsmolar mass of O2 32 gramsmolar mass of H2O 18 gramsHow much H2O is formed from 20 grams H2?grams H2O 20 grams H2 x (1 mol H2/2 g H2) x (1 mol H2O/1 mol H2) x (18 g H2O/1 mol H2O)All the units except grams H2O cancel out, leavinggrams H2O (20 x 1/2 x 1 x 18) grams H2Ograms H2O 180 grams H2OHow much H2O is formed from 96 grams O2?grams H2O 20 grams H2 x (1 mol O2/32 g O2) x (2 mol H2O/1 mol O2) x (18 g H2O/1 mol H2O)grams H2O (96 x 1/32 x 2 x 18) grams H2Ograms H2O 108 grams O2O Much more water is formed from 20 grams of H2 than 96 grams of O2. Oxygen is the limiting reactant. After 108 grams of H2O forms, the reaction stops. To determine the amount of excess H2 remaining, calculate how much H2 is needed to produce 108 grams of H2O.grams H2 108 grams H2O x (1 mol H2O/18 grams H2O) x (1 mol H2/1 mol H2O) x (2 grams H2/1 mol H2)All the units except grams H2 cancel out, leavinggrams H2 (108 x 1/18 x 1 x 2) grams H2grams H2 (108 x 1/18 x 1 x 2) grams H2grams H2 12 grams H2It takes 12 grams of H2 to complete the reaction. The amount remaining isgrams remaining total grams - grams usedgrams remaining 20 grams - 12 gramsgrams remaining 8 gramsThere will be 8 grams of excess H2 gas at the end of the reaction.There is enough information to answer the question.The limiting reactant was O2.There will be 8 grams H2 remaining.There will be 108 grams H2O formed by the reaction. Finding the limiting reactant is a relatively simple exercise. Calculate the yield of each reactant as if it were completely consumed. The reactant that produces the least amount of product limit the reaction. More For more examples, check out Limiting Reactant Example Problem and Aqueous Solution Chemical Reaction Problem. Test your new skills by answering  Theoretical Yield and Limiting Reaction Test Questions. Sources Vogel, A. I.; Tatchell, A. R.; Furnis, B. S.; Hannaford, A. J.; Smith, P. W. G. Vogels Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition. Pearson, 1996, Essex, U.K.Whitten, K.W., Gailey, K.D. and Davis, R.E. General Chemistry, 4th Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 1992, Philadelphia.Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemical Principles, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005, New York.

4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

4 - Coursework Example Researching on legal matters is exciting in that it helps the researcher to be more critical by asking more questions and having realistic expectations and perception of the law. Researching the law is vital because this skill enables the researcher to find answers to legal questions and better understand judicial system. Understanding judicial system and knowing how to get answers is an important skill that helps bring study of law into focus. For instance, one needs to know consequences that surround certain actions particularly to police officers such as the intra agency discipline comprising of anything from negative letters to one’s personal file to being suspended without pay. Therefore, it is important that one to be informed with the ever changing law and knowing how to find out about changes is important. Another important reason as to why it is important to research the law is to keep credibility in that a person is able to research the law correctly so that viable or proper result is found. Using texts or treatise for researching the law is very dangerous because such works are invaluable resources, expensive and frequently multivolume. Though highly effective and commonly used as compared to other methods in learning law, depending on text learning becomes an ultimate predisposition to partial intellectual deficiency. In addition, several pitfalls are likely to come from the rigidity of text-based learning alone. Texts may elaborate on evidence but may not be able to come up with a legal formula on how to handle unique evidences that may arise. iv. The holding and the policies and reasons that support the holding, in this regard, the holding of the case is the rule of law applied to the relevant facts of the case and the actual decision of the court. In addition, legal opinion contain the skills and process needed to read case laws which are drawing inferences, thinking in reverse and untangling the

Financial calculation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial calculation - Essay Example Planning for a new business or expansion of a business today is never again a simple task. Globalization had caused factors that are previously 'foreign' to local business, becomes more and more influencing. Local producers cannot relax and keep producing mediocre quality products as foreign competitors entering the local market. The furniture industry for example, has become an international business rather than local. Local furniture producers in a country as far as Jamaica are threatened by the presence of US competitors ('Globalization and', 2003).The global environment has made planning a more complicated task as non-financial measurements are become increasingly important toward business forecasts. Specific preferences of the industry, habits of international competitors, and other non-financial factors must be considered, to prevent bias reporting of financial forecasts. Nevertheless, financial performance is still the main indicator of corporate success or failure. This is wh y the financial calculation has always been incorporated within academic studies.Financial performance of a corporation can be evaluated by observing financial ratios. Financial ratios are indicators designed to elaborate certain aspects or corporate financial performance. Different aspects are elaborated by different ratios. There are four types of financial ratios, they are:Profitability ratios display the rate of return resulted from company operation over a certain period. The amount of profit itself is not sufficient to describe corporate performance over the period. Excess of revenue over expenses are compared to total sales and corporate assets in order to obtain a ratio that describe how much money resulted from existing assets (Financial Ratios, n.d). Several profitability ratios are profit margin, return on equity and return on total assets: Ratios 2003 2004 2005 Profit margin 30.00% 18.75% 11.67% Return on asset 15.38% 17.44% 7.29% Return on equity 35.29% 31.91% 12.73% According to corporate financial statement, Fine furniture is experiencing a significant decline over the last three years. In order to properly assess corporate performance we actually ought to compare corporate ratios with industrial average. However, comparison of the three periods available has clearly displayed significant downward shift. The ratios indicated that profitability performance decline more than 50% over the past two years. Due to limited data available, we are using end of year numbers to calculate the financial ratios, instead of average numbers. Liquidity Ratios Liquidity Ratios display corporate ability to pay short-term debt. The ratios compare liabilities of the company to existing assets, to see how many assets are available to guarantee each dollar of corporate short-term loan. The most well known liquidity ratios are current ratio and acid test ratio: Ratios 2003 2004 2005 Current Ratio 1.24 1.89 1.57 Acid Test Ratio 0.86 1.19 0.79 Fine furniture displayed average liquidity performance regarding liquidity ratios. The best performance was during the year 2004. Current ratio increases during 2004, but decreases again during 2005. Similar patterns are shown by the Acid Test Ratio. Solvability Ratios Solvability ratios have similar functions to liquidity ratios. However, solvability ratios concern long term instead of short term corporate abilities to meet existing obligations. Solvability ratios include debt ratio, gearing ratio and equity ratio. Ratios 2003 2004 2005 Debt Ratio 0.97 0.95 0.94 Gearing Ratio 0.06 0.08 0.10 Equity Ratio 0.44 0.55 0.57 According to financial statements, Fine Furniture has not seemed to take full advantage of long term debt possibilities. This is revealed by the gearing ratio, which displayed that only a very small portion of the capital is financed using long term debt. However, the debt ratio described acceptable

Steady Oil Price Hike Essay Example for Free

Steady Oil Price Hike Essay The article about the rising oil price indicates two main economic concepts: first, â€Å"the rule of supply and demand†, and second, that† human wants is insatiable. † Oil is a natural resource and it is created by nature through thousands of years. Time is a very important element in the production of oil. Despite the fact that oil wells and rigs are discovered and/or pumped, still, the natural element of this product is very important. Going back to the relevant economic factors about rising oil prices, there is an unlimited demand for oil while its supply is getting scarcer. Aside from this fact, millions, if not billions, of dollars of investments are needed to have the black gold extracted, refined, and distributed. Everywhere oil is used. It is not only with the vehicles but also with all the machineries producing the goods and even food products that we consume on a daily basis. The second economic factor is the insatiability of humans in terms of their wants. Everyone wants this and everybody wants that. We all consume. We all want to acquire resources. This relates to the article in a sense that: (1) more consumption means more oil consumption; (2) in acquisition of wealth, natural and man-made factors happen in having oil prices rise; and (3) investors in oil trade would always go for a good profit margin while consumers would like to spare resources (money). The first factor is related to the explanation of supply and demand above. The second factor is important because natural calamities such as storm affects oil production but this all goes back to the fact that once the supply of oil is limited, and the demand is big, the market has to balance out and the only way is to raise prices. This benefit the â€Å"wants† of the investors who, in every situation, have their means in having their investments get a very good return. Consumers on the other hand, take their chance in acquiring cheaper oil as they want o save their resources in order to have extra left behind to acquire the rest of their needs and wants and this is explained by having their tanks full before the prices increase. Lastly, oil is not in market where fair competition rules. It is monopolistic. The major factor that makes it so important is its scarceness; its having limited supply with steady demand. Peer review on responses 1, 2 and 3 In the first response, the idea that oil is very vital in society is agreeable. The rest of the discourse of the article, however, is strongly disagreeable. First, in the point indicated that â€Å"the oil industry is an example of a perfectly competitive industry† and at the same time noting that â€Å"neither the firm nor its consumers decide on the price, rather the entire industry†. First oil is a product that triggers monopoly whether consumers like it or not. Second, the article contradicts itself: if the industry decides on the pricing itself, not the interaction of the oil firms and their consumers, this means that the market is â€Å"not free†. Not free means NO competition at all. Lastly, the article noted that â€Å"consumers never worried about spending massive amounts of money on oil during an economic struggle† and it is not true. Oil makes everything else expensive and it may be possible that no demonstrations are done against oil but against economic crisis, but it is important to realize that at least 70% of that crisis can be attributed to oil price movement: your cereal will be expensive once oil used in machineries producing it becomes expensive! Argument number two is also very good emphasizing the monopolistic characteristic of oil as a consumer product. The article even dwelled on deeply going into criteria of monopoly to establish the hypothesis, that indeed, this product is never a competitive product, in a sense that whether consumers like it or not, they are just forced to acquire oil out of necessity. The article is very â€Å"narrow† though. Maybe a little bit of expansion as to the idea of having it monopolistic and other related factors would even make the idea of the response more interesting. Lastly, response number 3 is a very good work. Admittedly, my response runs on parallel path as this one. It emphasizes the scarcity of the product, the inelasticity of demand, which is always there, despite the presence of supply or not. It focuses in the effect of transportation though, just like what was written in the article, not like what I have though to widen my perspective in reacting to oil-related write up.

Religion and Racism in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything that R

Religion and Racism in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything that Rises Must Converge Flannery O’Connor, undoubtedly one of the most well-read authors of the early 20th Century, had many strong themes deeply embedded within all her writings. Two of her most prominent and poignant themes were Christianity and racism. By analyzing, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge,† these two themes jump out at the reader. Growing up in the mid-1920’s in Georgia was a huge influence on O’Connor. Less than a decade before her birth, Georgia was much different than it was at her birth. Slaves labored tirelessly on their master’s plantations and were indeed a facet of everyday life. However, as the Civil War ended and Reconstruction began, slaves were not easily assimilated into Southern culture. Thus, O’Connor grew up in a highly racist area that mourned the fact that slaves were now to be treated as â€Å"equals.† In her everyday life in Georgia, O’Connor encountered countless ci tizens who were not shy in expressing their discontent toward the black race. This indeed was a guiding influence and inspiration in her fiction writing. The other guiding influence in her life that became a major theme in her writing was religion. Flannery O'Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia, the only child of a Catholic family. The region was part of the 'Christ-haunted' Bible belt of the Southern States. The spiritual heritage of the region profoundly shaped O'Connor's writing as described in her essay "The Catholic Novelist in the Protestant South" (1969). Many of her 32 short stories are inundated with Christ-like allusions and other references to her faith. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† O’Connor’s 1955 sho... ...ing up right before her eyes. Although Flannery O’Connor didn’t even live to see her 40th birthday, her fiction endures to this day. In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge,† O’Connor effectively deals with the two huge themes (topics) of religion and racism. These two themes are crucial to understanding much of O’Connor’s great works and are relevant to all readers of O’Connor throughout all ages. Works Cited Bandy, Stephen C. "One of my babies": The Misfit and the Grandmother in Flannery O'Connor's short story 'A Good Man Is Hard to Find'. Studies in Short Fiction; Winter 1996, v33, n1, p107(11) O’Connor, Flannery. The Complete Stories. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. New York: 1971. Satterfield, Ben. "Wise Blood, Artistic Anemia, and the Hemorrhaging of O'Connor Criticism." Studies in American Fiction 17 (1989): 33-50.

Durkheim Marx and Weber’s argument of society Essay

Durkheim concept of anomie differed from Marx and Weber’s concepts of alienation on the idea of how modernity rose. That is, they differed on their argument about how the old system isolated people from humanity. Durkheim argued that the shifting of the society to modernity was through disorganization and societies achieved modernity as they tried to adapt to disorganizations. Marx’s argument on society modernity was based on class conflict while Weber argued on political causes. Durkheim argued that the division of the society based on classes helped in creating interdependence (Macionis, 2013). Although social stratification was a social problem, Durkheim viewed as normalness (anomie) in the society. He believed that anomie was a characteristic of disorganized society or one that was undergoing changes. People lived in the same place in the past as communities and shared the same beliefs. However, changes in cultural, social, political, and religious systems started occurring in the society (Macionis, 2013). Since the changes were slow and had no significant effects on the people, they started experiencing anomie. The results of anomie were suicide, crime, and other social evils that became prevalent in the modern society. Unlike Durkheim who focused on class division and society disorganization, Marx’s argument on alienation focused on conflict between classes as the cause of modernity in the society (Macionis, 2013). The conflict between capitalists and working class brought a gap in the society. The capitalist started accumulating profits through exploitation of the working class. The capitalist dominated in the society and alienated the working class and thus the latter had to depend on the former to provide for their families. The result was competition in the society, which became the major characteristic of modernity. Consequently, Weber argument on alienation differed from Durkheim anomie argument in that he based his argument political factors (Macionis, 2013). According to Weber, legal authority governed the society through rules. Although the rules were the most efficient form of authority, decision by the society to follow the rules fully would result in faulty checks on the authority. As a result bad governance and oppression of the society emanated. Reference Macionis, J. (2013). Sociology. Pearson Education Source document

5 Reason to Have a Master in Public Administration Essay

5 reasons why a Master’s in Public Administration is vital in today’s business A Master’s in Public Administration is a very important program from a society’s perspective. The aspirants who wish to make a key contribution to the society and are motivated to doing something socially meaningful a Master’s in Public Administration can be the ideal degree for them to pursue. A Master’s in Public Administration is vital for the business and the economy for several reasons. Here are some of the reasons that make this program significant: Public Administration is critical to creating a sound administrative infrastructure for the society. Business and industry in any country can prosper only if there is a strong foundation of basic social facilities and systems in the country. All institutions of national and local governance, internal security and public welfare must be strong enough to ensure that people can conduct their businesses or pursue their occupations without any hurdles or hindrances. A Master’s in Public Administration creates professionals who address these issues and create a sound administrative infrastructure. Public Administration facilitates interaction between professionals and government officials in policy matters. If a public administration official has a Master’s in Public Administration, he can deal with the government officials effectively and provide creative inputs in the matter of developing public policies and programs for the larger benefit of the society, and creating good conditions for a prosperous business and economy. A Master’s in Public Administration can be useful within the government and also for the corporate world. The government can hire such professionally qualified individuals to assist in the matters of policy formation and implementation. They can bring new ideas and strategies to deal with the issues of public welfare successfully. Even in the corporate sector, the large companies prefer to hire candidates with this qualification so that they can engage with the government officials on various policy issues concerning the business and industry. See more: My Writing Process Essay A Master’s in Public Administration helps to shape the overall public policy that benefits the consumers, new entrepreneurs and business organizations at large. That creates a thriving environment for growth of business and industry. In the times of economic stagnation, an efficient Public Administration becomes even more vital to the survival of business. In such conditions, the government and public administration offices are expected to play a key role to bring back the macro economy to the levels of normalcy. That helps business and trade to survive during the tough economic times, and pull through without resulting in a situation of massive job losses and economic crisis for the people of the country.

Writing a Communications Research Paper The Complete Guide

Writing a Communications Research Paper The Complete Guide A research paper is a typical form in which scientists from all disciplines demonstrate the results of their independent work. There is no standardized word count – a research paper is as long as is necessary to get the author’s point across. However, usually, they are fairly large – 4000 words and upwards, so be ready to put a lot of time and effort in this task. A research paper is usually supposed to be published in an academic journal and subjected to peer review – i.e., it will be read by other specialists in the field who will evaluate whether it contributes anything to the existing body of research, whether your methodology is sound, whether you use proper evidence and so on. You should be interested in learning how to write this kind of paper not just to receive a good grade right now – if you consider pursuing an academic career after graduation, the research paper is going to be your primary tool, so mastering it early on is certainly a good idea. Prior to Writing Select the Topic: What Our Writers Suggest Students are given research papers to write in order to test their ability to work on their own, to conduct research independently, without the oversight and assistance of instructors. That is why you will usually have more or less complete freedom of choice when it comes to selecting a topic. Defining the direction is a part of the research, and you have to learn to do it yourself. Nevertheless, you will have to discuss your topic with your instructor after you’ve decided upon it – both to see if it complies with the requirements of the assignment and college’s guidelines and to get some advice. Instructors know more about such things from their experience, and sometimes students take topics that will be extremely difficult to write about, making their job unnecessarily difficult without knowing it. A well-chosen topic is a cornerstone of every high-quality communications research paper, so don’t try to get over this step quickly and give the selection a lot of thought. Here are some suggestions to help you get through it: Go through the topics that have any personal interest to you. It is an especially good choice if you know something beyond your communications course about any of them – this will free you time and effort that would otherwise be used to look for sources of information on them; When you’ve found a topic that you like, take some time to study the sources on it, lest you end up with a topic that has just a couple of second-rate sources to go with. Academic search tools like Google Scholar and EBSCO Academic Search can be indispensable for this. How many sources you are going to need depends on the requirements and guidelines of your assignment. According to the most common rule of the thumb, you should have at least one source per every standard page of your research paper; Try to pick a topic that both has enough research dealing with it (to give you something to work with) and enough blank areas to give you an opportunity to research them; Make sure your topic is narrow enough. Writing research papers is all about digging deep, not wide – you should select a relatively narrow area and provide an exhaustive analysis and research of it. â€Å"Development of Communication Skills in Children† is way too broad a topic. â€Å"Main Factors Contributing to the Development of Communication Skills in Children Ages 3 to 5† is much better, although you may look for something even more specific; Consult your instructor. He may suggest that you alter your topic or choose another one altogether. Usually, it is in your best interests to follow these suggestions even if you don’t see the reason behind them right now. Here are some suggestions so that you can see what you should look for: The Role of Depression in Diminishing One’s Communication Skills; Divorce as an Example of Communication Breakdown; The Role of Effective Communication on Business Growth in American Companies; Gender and the Styles of Interpersonal Communication in Teenagers; Deception in Interpersonal Relations. Write the Thesis Statement Simplifying it a bit, a thesis statement is the general idea behind your research paper condensed to a single sentence (sometimes two sentences, but no more). You should, however, differentiate between the topic of the paper, the research question and the thesis statement: The topic is your basic area of research and analysis, e.g., â€Å"Depression and Communication†; The research question is the question you ask in the beginning of the paper and try to answer with your research, e.g., â€Å"Does depression influence one’s communication skills?†; The thesis statement serves as the answer to this question, e.g. â€Å"Depression severely limits both one’s communication skills and the desire to seek communication†. The thesis statement should be located at the beginning of your communications research paper, immediately after the first few introductory sentences. In addition to that, it should be: Precise – use direct, single-meaning words, simple and easily understandable sentence structures. Reread the thesis statement a few times to make sure it is impossible to misunderstand it; Narrow in scope – it should concentrate on a single issue without spreading itself thin over several questions. If you find it impossible to avoid introducing the second point, probably your entire paper lacks focus; Well-worded – avoid awkward and artificial structures like â€Å"The purpose of my paper is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  You should introduce your thesis statement naturally; Flexible – if in the course of writing you feel that your perception of the topic shifts, you should be ready to alter the thesis statement accordingly. Gather the Sources The main goal of a communications research paper is to do independent research and present your findings to the academic community. However, You cannot do without the existing research on the subject, as no academic work exists in complete isolation from other works on the same topic. They are all connected with the strings of references and quotations, and the more of these strings lead from your paper to trustworthy sources, the more valuable your paper is considered to be. Most of the sources you use should come from peer-reviewed academic journals on the subject of communications, because they are believed to be by far the sources of highest quality. Other types (books, newspapers, websites, etc.) are also accepted, but should be taken with a grain of salt – not all of them are valuable and trustworthy. If you don’t know much about the subject matter of your research paper, finding the first few sources is going to be difficult. Here are a few suggestions for where you can start out: Books mentioned in the reference section of your textbook will be a good start. Check their authors as well – they may have other publications on similar topics to their names; Check online academic search tools and databases. We have already mentioned Google Scholar and EBSCO; you may also try JSTOR, PsycInfo, PubPsych and many others; at least some of them are bound to lead you to useful sources of information; After the first two steps, you already should have some notion of who are considered to be the most important authorities on the topic you write about. Concentrate your further search on their other books and publications; Look through the sections of all the sources you’ve already found. Although the authors of these papers weren’t writing on your precise topic, there should be some overlap points where you may find something useful; Use online academic search tools using keywords related to your topic. You are bound to uncover some sources that have eluded you so far. When selecting a source, pay attention to how many times it has been cited in other peer-reviewed papers. This number can serve as a good indication of the paper’s quality and authority. However, take it into account that recent publications probably don’t have enough time to gather enough references. Write the Outline The outline is a plan that guarantees that your paper is logically organized and that you don’t forget to mention anything you’ve intended to. Naturally, it repeats the intended structure of your paper, which can vary depending on the specifics of your assignment, but generally follows more or less the same lines: Introduction ‘Hook’ – the sentence aiming to fixate the reader’s attention on the paper and lead up to the thesis statement; Thesis statement – we’ve already covered it; Background info – if necessary, you can provide additional information on the subject so that reader better navigates it; Body paragraphs. Each of them should be written in this way: Introduction of a new point; Supporting evidence; How does it all relate to the thesis statement; Logical lead-up to the next point; Conclusion: Summary of everything said so far; Recommendations for the future research on this topic. Having an outline prevents you from forgetting things and vice versa, from being repetitive. If you know for sure what and where you intend to mention, mistakes are not possible. There are two types of outlines: Informal – it is basically your own personal plan, not intended to be shared with anybody. Write it in any way that is convenient for you. Even a few lines on a piece of paper torn from a notebook will do; Formal – sometimes you are asked to submit an outline along with the paper. In this case, you will need to follow a specific format. Either find one online or consult your instructor as to how you should do it. Writing and Revising General Communications Research Paper Writing Tips Use precise scientific language. Under no circumstances include jargonisms, slang or colloquial expressions into your speech; Be fair towards the existing and potential opposition. The purpose of a communications research paper is to prove your point in honest scientific comparison with other theories and hypotheses, not to obfuscate the subject matter so that your point of view looks to be an optimal one. Your point of view will be opposed, and if you don’t prepare to it from the get go, your argument will be crushed by the peer review; Don’t introduce more than one idea per paragraph; Keep most of your sentences short, but try not to make their length uniform. On average, a sentence should be 20-25 words long, but don’t forget to intersperse your writing with both shorter and longer ones so that it doesn’t feel too monotonous; Avoid passive voice wherever possible. While some students believe that passive voice makes writing more serious and elevated, in truth the only thing it adds is boredom. Sentences in the passive voice, especially if they are long and there are many of them, are also relatively hard to understand when compared to the ones in active voice; Don’t try to diversify your language with synonyms, especially when dealing with scientific terms. Revising Your Paper No paper (at least no good paper) is written in a single draft. If you find it necessary to change things, replace whole passages or even start writing afresh, do it; Check if it is always obvious which pronouns refer to what. If you find the result ambiguous, replace the problematic pronoun with a noun or a noun phrase. Don’t worry if it makes your writing too cumbersome and repetitive – your job is to make it understandable first and beautiful only when possible; Don’t get too attached to anything. You may be unwilling to cut an especially well-written phrase or passage, but if it doesn’t fit into the overall structure of your paper it has to go; Eliminate redundant words. Phrases like â€Å"to introduce a change†, â€Å"to do business†, â€Å"to make alterations† can and should be rephrased to use simple verbs. The same goes for weak modifiers like â€Å"really†, â€Å"quite†, â€Å"normally†, etc. They don’t add any meaning to your paper and have no place in scientific writing. We hope that this communications research paper guide will serve you well in the difficult and long job of writing a research paper on communication. Good luck!

Architecture and Design for the Blind Client

Architecture and Design for the Blind Client Designing for the blind and visually impaired is an example of accessible design. Architects who embrace universal design understand that the needs of the blind client are the same for all people - orienting a building to provide optimal light and ventilation has been advocated by ancient Roman architects and more modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright. Federal legislation like the ADA has increased awareness of function in architecture; the professional designer will create beauty with the form taken. Key Takeaways Architects can design with texture, sound, heat, and smell to define spaces and functions.Tactile cues, such as differences in floor textures and changes in temperature, provide landmarks for persons who cannot see.Universal design refers to design that meets the needs of all people, thus making spaces accessible to all. Great architecture for the blind and visually impaired is just like any other great architecture, only better, says San Francisco architect Chris Downey, AIA. It looks and works the same while offering a richer and better involvement of all senses. Downey was a practicing architect when a brain tumor took his sight in 2008. With firsthand knowledge, he established Architecture for the Blind and became an expert consultant for other designers. Likewise, when architect Jaime Silva lost his eyesight to congenital glaucoma, he gained a deeper perspective on how to design for the disabled. Today the Philippine-based architect consults with engineers and other architects to manage projects and promote universal design. Is Universal Design for the Blind? Universal design is a big tent term, encompassing more familiar methods such as accessibility and barrier-free design. If design is universal - meaning a design for everyone - it is, by definition, accessible. In the built environment, accessibility means designed spaces that meet the needs of people with a wide range of abilities, including those who are blind or who have limited vision and associated cognitive difficulties. If the goal is universal design, everyone will be accommodated. Accessibility and Self-Driving Cars. Brooks Kraft LLC/Corbis via Getty Images A Continuum of Abilities Functional vision includes two areas: (1) visual acuity, or the corrected used of central vision to see details such as facial features or alphanumeric symbols; and (2) the field of vision, or the extent and capacity to identify objects peripheral to or around the central vision. In addition, depth perception and contrast sensitivity can be associated vision problems. Vision abilities vary widely. Vision impairment is a catch-all term that includes people with any visual deficit that cannot be corrected by wearing glasses of contact lenses. Visual impairments have a continuum of identifiers specific to the laws of specific countries. In the United States low vision and partially sighted are general terms for a continuum of functionality that may vary from week to week or even hour to hour. Legal blindness is not necessarily the same as total blindness. Legally blind in the U.S. is defined by corrected central vision being less than 20/200 in the better eye and/or the field of vision being limited to 20 degrees or less. That is, having only one eye does not make a person blind. Totally blind is generally the inability to use light, although the perception of light and dark may or may not exist. People are said to have light perception if they can detect light and determine from which direction the light is coming, explains the American Printing House for the Blind (APH). Another type of blindness is called cortical visual impairment (CVI), which is a neurological disorder, pointing out that vision is a process involving the eye and the brain. Colors, Illumination, Textures, Heat, Sound, and Balance What do blind people see? Many people who are legally blind actually have some vision. Bright colors, wall murals, and changes in illumination can help persons whose vision is limited. Incorporating entryways and vestibules into all architectural design helps eyes adapt to illumination changes. Tactile cues, including different floor and sidewalk textures as well as changes in heat and sound, can provide landmarks for persons who cannot see. A distinctive faà §ade may help distinguish the location of a home without having to count and keep track. Sound is an important directive for people without visual cues. Technology can be built within the walls of a home just like its built into smart phones - all you have to do is ask a question, and the built-in intelligent personal assistant can orient the occupant. Aspects of a smart house will be most useful for people with disabilities. Other physical details should be common to all universal design. Handrails for balance should be incorporated into the design of buildings. And thats the thing - architects should incorporate details into the design and not try to retro-fit for someones limitations. Like all good accessible design, universality begins with the design. Designing with the blind in mind embraces the movement toward universal design. Communicating Ideas Communication and presentation are important skills of the architect. Visually impaired architects must be even more creative in getting across their ideas. Computers have become the great equalizer for professionals with disabilities of any kind, although tactile graphic toys like Wikki Stix have long been used by people of all ages. Visually impaired architects will be useful to any organization or individual desiring to focus on inclusivity. With no prejudice to the way things look visually  -   sometimes called aesthetics  - the blind architect will choose the most functional detail or material first. The way it looks? What is called eye candy can come later. Finally, the Low Vision Design Program of the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) has established guidelines for residential design and  recommendations for public accommodation. Their 80-page evidence-based PDF document Design Guidelines for the Visual Environment was issued in May 2015 and is filled with useful information. Sources American Foundation for the Blind. Key Definitions of Statistical Terms. afb.org/info/blindness-statistics/key-definitions-of-statistical-terms/25Blindness Basics. American Printing House for the Blind. https://www.aph.org/blindness-basics/Downey, Chris. Design with the blind in mind. TED Talk, October 2013.https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_downey_design_with_the_blind_in_mind/transcriptDowney, Chris. Profile. Architecture for the Blind. arch4blind.com/profile.htmlGoben, Jan. Architect is visionary for the blind. AFriendlyHouse.com. http://afriendlyhouse.com/31/Architect-is-visionary-for-the-blind/McGray, Douglas. Design Within Reach: A blind architect relearns his craft. The Atlantic, October 2010

Leadership Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Ethics - Essay Example It is a multifaceted moral relationship flanked by people, based on conviction, compulsion, commitment, emotion, and a shared hallucination of the good. Ethics, then, fabricates at the very center of leadership. This essay discovers the ethical ins and outs of leadership. Most scholars and practitioners who write about leadership genuflect at the altar of ethics and speak with hushed reverence about its importance to leadership. Somewhere in almost any book devoted to the subject, there are a few sentences, paragraphs, pages, or even a chapter on how integrity and strong ethical values are crucial to leadership. Yet, given the central role of ethics in the practice of leadership, it's remarkable that there has been little in the way of sustained and systematic treatment of the subject. The state of research on leadership ethics is similar to the state of business ethics twenty years ago. I argue that ethics is located in the heart of leadership studies and not in an appendage. The learning of ethics in general consists of the test of right, incorrect, good, wickedness, virtue, responsibility, compulsion, rights, fairness, evenhandedness, and so on, in human being relationships with every one and other living things too. Leadership learning's, either straightly or indirectly, tries to appreciate what leadership is and how and why the leader-follower connection works (What is a manager and what does it mean to work out leadership How do leaders show the way What do leaders accomplish And why do people follow). Because leadership necessitates very characteristic kinds of human relationships with characteristic sets of ethical problems, I consider it suitable to submit to the theme as leadership ethics. Ethics In Leadership Ethics is one of those subjects that people rightfully feel they know about from experience. Most people think of ethics as practical knowledge, not theoretical knowledge. Ethics is primarily a communal, collective enterprise, not a solitary one. It is the study of our web of relationships with others. Ethics is elementally the pursuit of justice, fair play, and equity. Ethics is how we make a decision to behave when we make a decision we belong together, " the study of ethics has to do with developing standards for judging the conduct of one party whose behavior affects another. Cleanly, "high-quality behavior" is going to do no damage and respects the rights of all exaggerated, and "terrible behavior" is deliberately or neglectfully flattens on the rights and interests of others. Ethics, then, tries to locate a means to defend one person's personal rights and needs alongside and besides the rights and wants of others. Of course, the inconsistency and innermost tension of ethics lie in the truth that even though we are by nature collective and in need of others, at the similar time we are by character more or less self-centered and self-serving. If principles and ethics are a part of life, so too are employment, labor, and trade. Work is not impressive thing disconnected from the rest of human existence, but to a certain extent "man is born to labor, as a bird to fly." What are employment and business about Making a living Yes. Producing a manufactured goods or service Sure. Creating money or profit Completely. In actual fact, most ethicists quarrel that business has